Sociology of Law and Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human science of Law and Punishment - Essay Example Norbert Elias recommends that civilisation change human habitus with the goal that brutality in all structures is steadily exposed to more prominent and progressively modern types of the executives and control. 'Decivilisation' as indicated by him, envelops forms which produce an expansion in viciousness and a breakdown in the strength and consistency of social relations. What stays unexplored is the degree to which endeavors to achieve civilisation, have rotated around basically brutal approaches and practices (Robert van Krieken, Abstract, The British Journal of Sociology, Volume 50 Issue 2). Nils Christie, in Crime Control as Industry, proposes that the spiraling jail populaces, especially in the United States, speak to a move towards gulags western style, similarly that Zygmunt Bauman considered advancement to be as making the opportunities for the Holocaust. For Christie the current 'gulagisation' of the West isn't an abnormality of present day society, however something that happens normally inside it. Pratt's book recommends that man might be moving into a territory of reformatory control that takes one past the gulag. The gulag it says may not be an adequate methodology of discipline to assimilate the correctional opinions of current social orders. What we find is the supplementation of current correctional approvals by new types of lawful and extra legitimate disciplines. For Christie, there is trust, that sooner or later, great feeling of the common individuals will win and counter the patterns that the powers of innovation made conceivable. It is contended that t here is no integrity to human qualities and open assessment: releasing them may just add to the winding of correctional control (Beyond gulags western style A reexamination of Nils Christie's wrongdoing control as industry, Abstract, Pratt. J). 2.0 Introspection Elias offers a specific worldview for sociological idea which contradicts both the auxiliary functionalist and methodological-nonconformist inclinations in human science. The idea that he created planned to serious and uncover a significant number of the focal problems in humanism, particularly the adversaries of activity and structure, independence and society. Elias' 'Acculturating Process' is combative, and neglected with doubt. Elias goes astray from the more elegant patterns in humanism to dive profound into retrospection and look for the obscure. His composing has been a wellspring of thoughts and has bid the faculties of the individuals who ache for the obscure. Pundits have veered between two religious pointers; a firm acknowledgment or selfish dismissal. His work as often as possible is a logical inconsistency between as far as anyone knows appreciating 'devotees' and pundits. To acknowledge Elias, one needs to control a way between the lines. His treatment of human issues; feelings, perspectives towards the body, sexuality, socialization, etc, mirrored a decent and deliberate methodology. His examination of the human psyche is of noteworthy pertinence with regards to his bigger scope forms in State arrangement, urbanization and

The Ubiquitous Butt

The Ubiquitous Butt The Ubiquitous Butt The Ubiquitous Butt By Maeve Maddox The word butt in the feeling of bottom was once viewed as inadmissible for general use. Entertainers utilized it to get a chuckle, however it was not viewed as satisfactory in amiable discussion. Youngsters were instructed to utilize less hostile expressions like backside or posterior. These days the word has become so worthy that it has to a great extent supplanted butt cheek and bottom, even in formal settings: Best 10 Exercises to Tone Your Butt 18 Exercises to Tone Your Legs and Butt Butt Augmentation Options: Fat Injections versus Implants Dr. Constantino Mendieta: Miami Butt Augmentation Specialist Speakers used to joining just one significance to butt might be new to different words that are spelled the equivalent yet have implications inconsequential to human or creature life structures. The Oxford English Dictionary has fourteen passages for the word butt as a thing. Its feeling of â€Å"human posterior† created from this definition: The thicker finish of anything, particularly of an apparatus or weapon, the part by which it is held or on which it rests; for example the lower end of a lance shaft, whip-handle, angling pole, the expansive finish of the supply of a weapon or gun. The historical underpinnings of butt in the feeling of â€Å"thicker end† is dark, however the word is by all accounts related with remote words with so much implications as dull, short, chunky, and short. Boston butt This cut of meat doesn't originate from the back of a creature. It is the upper segment of a pork shoulder containing a little bit of the shoulder bone and described by leanness. The cause of this utilization of butt originates from this definition: â€Å"a container for wine or beer; later, likewise a proportion of capacity.† On the upper east shore of frontier America, butchers stuffed less prized cuts of pork like the shoulder of the pig into butts (barrels) for capacity and transport. The shoulder cut pressed thusly became related with New England, primarily Boston, consequently, â€Å"Boston butt.† shooting a bolt at the butt Another meaning of butt is â€Å"a hillock (little slope) or a mound.† An implying that created from butt as hill is â€Å"a mark for shooting.† Bows and arrows targets were set up on a hill or bank. Since there were generally two butts on a bows and arrows run, one at every furthest point of the range, one may talk about â€Å"a pair of butts.† Another expression for a toxophilism go is â€Å"the butts.† This butt originates from French however: â€Å"goal, target.† This importance of butt as target gives us the articulation â€Å"to be the butt of a joke†: â€Å"an object at which disparagement, disdain, or misuse, is aimed.† The word butt can likewise be utilized as an action word. One of its verbal implications is â€Å"to strike, push, push or push with the head or horns.† This butt is identified with current French bouter, â€Å"to strike, push, project† and gives us these articulations: to barge in on: interfere where one isn't needed. Model: Stop barging in on in our discussion. to butt out: to quit barging in or meddling. Model: I instructed him to butt out of my exclusive issues. An inquisitive reality about the shortening of butt cheek to the shorter structure butt is that butt cheek is itself a little type of butt (â€Å"thicker end of something†). The postfix - ock is a similar one that makes hillock mean â€Å"a little hill.† Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions class, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†Among versus AmongstBail Out versus Parcel Out

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 46

Paper Example Postulation explanation: Frankenstein, the novel by Mary Shelley speaks to the enthusiastic issues looked by the beast and these issues start from separation or estrangement and a feeling of not having a place looked by it in the standard society. The issue of seclusion/distance looked by the beast in the standard society is interconnected with Victor Frankenstein’s (state, the maker of the beast) profound enthusiasm for obsolete hypotheses and experimentation. To be explicit, Frankenstein built up the procedure of filling life to dead bodies and it in the long run prompted the making of the beast. Additionally, he gathered unresolved issues the beast. In any case, Frankenstein neglected to make a lovely person. Rather, his creation was a beast with yellowish skin and apparition like appearance. This bombed experimentation is the grass root level purpose for the disengagement/distance looked by the beast in the standard society. From an alternate point of view, Frankenstein expected an excellent individual. Yet, his inability to make an individual shocked him and he completely disregarded the beast. Moreover, he attempted to escape from his duty to assist the beast with leading a typical life like others. Along these lines, one can without much of a stretch distinguish that Frankenstein’s endeavor to spare himself from his obligation and obligation to help his creation inevitably prompted his less than ideal demise at long last. In the novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein clarified that â€Å"A new species would favor me as its maker and source; numerous cheerful and incredible natures would owe their being to me† (89). Also, Frankenstein attempts to wreck his creation however his endeavor didn't assist him with saving his family from it. The beast attempts its level best to speak with its maker, yet for vain. Along these lines, one can see that Frankenstein’s unreliable demeanor inev itably drove the beast to be the survivor of disengagement/estrangement in the general public. At the point when the beast confronted the feeling of not

Sociology of Religion Coursework - 275 Words

Sociology of Religion (Coursework Sample) Content: Established Versus Individual Religious Faith, their Advantages and DisadvantagesNameInstitution affiliationTutorDateEstablished Versus Individual Religious FaithThe institution of religion has increasingly become part of manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life, and many studies have revealed a direct correlation of faith to aspects of life. In an argument by Roberts Yamane (2011), our firm and abiding associations with other people are many at times triggered by our desire to belong, hence motivating us to join various religious groups and community organizations. The need to belong to a religious faith is a central impetus to associate with others as a spiritual being among others. By having assemblage, we develop a feeling of importance and inclusion in societal matters.Individuals are usually considerate about joining a religious clutch because they are demoralised by the deceit and disharmony of devotees and even the clerics (Dillon, 1980). However, top religious figures and inst itutions in the world have a unanimity that the objective of a believer is reached at and his faith ascertained a person when belongs to an established religious assembly, and observes the doctrines set forth by the respective institutions. The example of Jesus (who belonged to a structured creed) is prima facie a clear guideline to any Christian believer (Calvin, 1960).One leads a believerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life when he belongs to a group. Calvin (1960) points out that among Christians, Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s sovereign grace goes to those who congregate in His house and fellowship together and that He saves them entirely out of his mercy and grace. This ideology cannot be considered contradictory since it aims at giving a sole condition to devotees, stating what they ought to do in order to live to the expectations of the Christian faith.Another prime purpose the institution of religion is meant to serve is to enhance interaction and foster moral enrichment at a social level. Dillon (1980) argu es that the religion has to do with teachings and moral guidance and give one reason to clean up oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life, something an individual would otherwise miss. One also learns expectantly about his religion.A social institution, religion, should bring out some sign of bonding and bring people together. It is an institution to belong and have a sense of kinfolk with compatible people. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s an unconventional social prospect to the world and a place to meet an imminent partner (Roberts Yamane, 2011). This religious aspect is only attainable at a formal setting with established structures; hence one is bound to be part of similar congregants to be able to meet this relevance religion is meant to enhance.Whereas leading a spiritual life is laudable, joining an established religious group, for instance, Islam can be disappointing. Dillon (1980) argues that a spiritual life comes in a package with tough regulations, criticisms; societal dispel and seclusion. It is possible for one to attach himself to one religious group but fail to comply with the norms and practices prescribed forth by the particular group manual. The loss of spiritual gravity perception can be attributed to one making premature decisions before he joins that group. Attaching oneself to a particular spiritual identity and fail to conform to it is one of the worst decis...

Summary of William Shakespeares Play As You Like It

This As You Like It summary is designed to help you unpick this complex play from William Shakespeare.  We bring the story together in a fun and accessible way for readers new to As You Like It. As You Like It – Summary of the Plot Before the play has begun, Duke Senior has been banished (joined by some loyal attendants and Lords) to live in the forest by his usurping brother Duke Frederick. Duke Senior’s daughter Rosalind has remained in Court on her Cousin Celia’s request and is being brought up as if she is her sister. Orlando is the youngest son of Sir Rowland de Bois and is hated by his eldest brother Oliver. Orlando has challenged the court wrestler Charles to a fight and Oliver encourages it as he knows that Charles is strong and Oliver wants his brother harmed. The Big Fight The fight is announced and Rosalind and Celia decide to watch the match but are asked to try and discourage Orlando from fighting Charles. When Rosalind speaks with Orlando she finds him to be very courageous and quickly falls in love with him. Orlando fights Charles and wins (it is unclear whether he is brave and strong or if Charles let him win out of loyalty to the family). Rosalind speaks to Orlando after the fight commending his bravery. She discovers that he is the son of Sir Rowland who was loved by her father. Orlando has fallen in love with Rosalind. Orlando is encouraged to leave as Sir Rowland was an enemy to Duke Frederick. Off to the Forest Le Beau, a courtier, warns that Duke Frederick has taken a dislike to Rosalind believing that she is more beautiful than his own daughter and that she reminds people of what he did to her father. Duke Frederick banishes Rosalind and Celia vows to go with her into exile. The girls plan to leave for the forest to find Duke Senior. They take the clown Touchstone with them for safety. The girls decide to disguise themselves in order to avoid being found out and for extra security. Rosalind decides to dress as a man – Ganymede, Celia poses as his poor sister Aliena. Life in the forest with Duke Senior is presented as contented though not without danger or hardship. Duke Frederick believes that Rosalind and his daughter have run away to find Orlando and employs Orlando’s brother; Oliver, to find them and bring them back. He does not care if Orlando is dead or alive. Oliver, still hating his brother, happily agrees. Adam warns Orlando that he cannot go home because Oliver plans to burn it down and cause harm to Orlando. They decide to escape to the Forest of Ardenne. In the forest, Rosalind dressed as Ganymede and Celia as Aliena with Touchstone meet Corin and Silvius. Silvius is in love with Phoebe but his love is unrequited. Corin is fed up with serving Silvius and agrees to serve Ganymede and Aliena. Meanwhile Jaques and Amiens are in the forest happily passing the time with singing. Orlando and Adam are exhausted and starving and Orlando goes off to find food. He comes across Duke Senior and his men who are about to eat a great feast. He aggressively approaches them to get some food but they peacefully invite him and Adam to eat with them. Love Sickness Orlando is preoccupied with his love for Rosalind and hangs poems about her on trees. He carves poems into the bark. Rosalind finds the poems and is flattered, despite Touchstone’s mocking. It is revealed that Orlando is in the forest and is responsible for the poems. Rosalind, as Ganymede, meets with Orlando and offers to cure him of his love sickness. She encourages him to meet with her every day and woo her as if she were Rosalind. He agrees. Touchstone has fallen in love with a shepherdess called Audrey. Audrey is bawdy and the couple are a foil to Orlando and Rosalind in that their love is unromantic, lusty and honest. Touchstone almost marries Audrey in the forest but is persuaded to wait by Jaques. Rosalind is cross because Orlando is late. Phoebe is followed on stage by the doting Silvius who is desperate for her love. Phoebe scorns him and Rosalind/Ganymede criticises her for being so cruel. Phoebe instantly falls in love with Ganymede, who tried to put her off by scorning her further. Phoebe employs Silvius to run errands for her, asking him to send a letter to Ganymede chastising him for being so rude to her. Silvius agrees as he would do anything for her. Marriage Orlando arrives apologising for his lateness; Rosalind gives him a hard time but eventually forgives him. They have a mock marriage ceremony and he promises to return in a couple of hours after joining the Duke for a meal. Orlando is late again and while Rosalind is waiting for him, she is given Phoebe’s letter. She tells Silvius to pass Phoebe a message that if she loves Ganymede then s/he orders her to love Silvius. Oliver then arrives with a bloody handkerchief explaining that Orlando is late because he wrestled a lioness in order to protect his brother. Oliver apologises for his wrong-doing and recognises his brother’s bravery and has a change of heart. He then notices Celia as Aliena and promptly falls in love with her. A marriage ceremony is arranged between Oliver and Celia/Aliena and Touchstone and Audrey. Rosalind as Ganymede gathers together Orlando and Silvius and Phoebe in order to resolve the love triangle. Rosalind/Ganymede asks Orlando; if she can get Rosalind to attend the marriage ceremony will he marry her? Orlando agrees. Rosalind/Ganymede then tells Phoebe to attend the marriage ceremony ready to marry Ganymede but if she refuses she must agree to marry Silvius. Silvius agrees to marry Phoebe if she rejects Ganymede. The next day, Duke Senior and his men gather to witness the wedding between Audrey and Touchstone, Oliver and Aliena, Rosalind and Orlando and Ganymede or Silvius and Phoebe. Rosalind and Celia appear as themselves at the ceremony with Hymen the marriage god. Happy Endings Phoebe immediately rejects Ganymede realising that he was a woman and agrees to marry Silvius. Oliver happily marries Celia and Orlando marries Rosalind. Jaques De Bois brings news that Duke Frederick left the court to fight his brother in the forest but instead found a religious man who encouraged him to give up the court and live a life of religious contemplation. He hands the court back over to Duke Senior. Jaques goes to join him to learn more about religion and the group celebrates the news and the marriages by dancing and singing.

Project Management And Operation Into The Ict Model...

Introduction The concept of BIM integrates all the activities related to the design, construction and operation into the ICT model developed and implemented within a communication platform. From the point of view of the project management theory and construction practice, the area of interest is integrated risk based on BIM. Negative consequences such as delays and financial losses that are detrimental conducted by investors raise a question of whether and how implementation of principles of BIM in project management can improve management activities associated with risk in construction projects. BIM in narrow terms, it is understood as a tool – Small BIM, a digital building model itself in the sense of a central information management hub. In this thesis BIM shall be seen from a second, broader perspective – Big BIM - that comprises interrelated functional, informational, technical and organisational issues (Volk, Stengel Schultmann, 2014, p. 111). Big BIM contributes analysis that can help offer an optimized solution given task constraints. BIM (Building Information Modelling) based on 3- dimensional information models contribute most noticeably in the visualization of construction information throughout a lifecycle. The chief effects would be interference management at the design phase using 3D information and schedule management at the construction phase using 4D. The visualization range has included cost, sustainability, operation and maintenance information to 4DShow MoreRelatedPaper Case Study Nantonia  3635 Words   |  15 PagesPaper Case study Nantonia   ICT Strategy amp; Planning Master : ICT in Business Location : University, Leiden Course : ICT Strategy amp; Planning Assignment : Paper Case study Nantonia Date : 3 June 2011 Name : Suraj Soerdjbali Studentnr : Teacher : ------------------------------------------------- Part 1 The business model: 1. Partners: Natepco is a subsidiary of Natonia Energy Holdings. 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Management Information In Pearson Education -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management Information In Pearson Education? Answer: Introduction It is quite evident that the use of information technology in business has considerably made it easier to manage the different process running within an organization. With the advent of technology, use of information technology in business becomes necessary to a large extent. However, small and medium sized enterprises often face monetary difficulties in implementing information technology strategies. Similar is the case of Four Seasons Greenhouse nursery that is located in Colorado. The nursery uses manual registers for tracking and maintenance of data. However, the profits earned by the nursery were almost negligible. Implementation of POS on the other hand helped the owners in obtaining a robust functionality of managing the various processes running within the organization (Laudon Laudon, 2016). The report discusses the advantages and disadvantages of implementing the new point of sales in business. It gives an overview of the competitive advantage the new POS can bring to the b usiness. Contribution of POS and the risks associated with its implementation is discussed in the following paragraphs. The New POS system-Advantages/Disadvantages The new point of sales system is designed to automate the different functionalities of business such as, data input, tracking of inventory sales and so on. The advantages of the new POS system are as follows (Stadtle, 2015)- The major advantage of implementing the new POS system is that, the organization does not need to maintain the manual registers in tracking and maintaining the inventory items. This is an advantage to the organization as the manual data entry is subjected to human errors and incorrect data entry. This is one of the major reasons of the less profit, as there is no proper record of the inventory items and sales (refer to appendix 2). The new POS system provides robust functionality in data input, data tracking and distribution of data. This in turn helps in easy management of the vital business process (Diallo, Rodrigues Sene, 2012). The new POS system helps in accurate calculation of the inventory counts thus eliminating the guesswork about the orders. This in turn helps the business in operating on a leaner inventory unit. The accurate data estimation and easy management of the vital process enhances the decision making process. Timely reporting of all the tasks furthermore helps in proper management of all the business operations running within the organization. Proper knowledge about the product cost helps in accurate and profitable pricing of the products there by increasing the profitability of the organization. The new POS system further helps in controlling the employee schedule, which in turn helps in proper management of the labour expenses (Peppard Ward, 2016). However, there are certain disadvantages of implementing the POS as well. The disadvantages of the new point of sales system are as follows- With the numerous advantages offered by the point of sales system, one of the major constraints associated with the process is the cost of implementation of the system. An organization need to invest a considerable amount of money for implementation and maintenance of the system. There are certain security risks associated with the point of sales system that can risk an organizations private and confidential data. The employees and the staffs are need proper training in order to understand the operation of the new system. The system will require regular updates and maintenance. Competitive Advantage The competitive advantages that an organization achieve by implementing the new POS system are as follows- The major working principle of the POS system is compiling and integrating all the business operations in a single place. This helps in proper management of all the business operations running within an organization, which is a major competitive advantage of POS. The new system helps in proper product review and identification of the most profitable product, which was earlier not possible. This helps the organization in gaining a competitive advantage in the market by manufacturing and selling the most profitable goods (Coronel Morris, 2016). Proper management of the employee schedule and labour costs further adds to the list of competitive advantages. Detailed knowledge about the inventory items such as number of units sold, purchased or discarded gives a clear picture about the condition of the business, which further helps in its proper management. This gives the organization, a competitive advantage in the market. Centralized Database and its Advantages The advantages of having a centralized database are as follows- Centralized database decreases the security risks associated with data storage by enforcing a staunch control and monitoring of the system. In centralized database system, the stored data is managed centrally, which increases the consistency of data. Having a centralized database increases the operational efficiency of a business organization. Using a centralized database minimizes the cost of data storage by eliminating any redundancy in data management and associated costs. The data processing speed is high and centralized data helps n development of an accurate report of the activities that the organization or its employees are engaged in (Stair Reynolds, 2013). Data integrity is one of the major benefits of having a centralized database. Therefore, it can be said that implementation of POS will help in proper data tracking and managing of the financial transactions in the organization. POS in decision-making One of the major advantages of implementing the new point of sales system in business is that the system helps in the decision making process by providing all the data that are essential to evaluate before taking a business decision. Accurate estimation of the data and inventory sales helps in processing the business activities more effectively. Accurate estimation helps in taking proper decisions about the inventory items, such as the number of items to be purchased or discarded (Hall, 2012). Furthermore, the new POS system eliminates the need of manual tracking of all the business processes running within an organization. It is difficult to track manually all the information needed for proper decision-making as it might include erroneous or incomplete data entry. Apart from this, the new POS system helps in effective answering of the questions associated with the inventory items such as number of items purchased, sold or discarded. This enhances the decision-making process (Galliers Leidner, 2014). The information provided by the new POS system further helps in creating a solid infrastructure for easy management of the business operations within the entire organization. It helps in reviewing the labour expenses and the schedule of the employees to establish their responsibility within the organization more effectively (Pearlson et al., 2016). Telecommunication Options The telecommunication option available for implementation of POS system within the organization includes the use of LAN, WAN and MAN. The Local Area Network or LAN interconnects all different digital devices present within a limited area. Wide Area Network or WAN on the other hand is a telecommunication network that interconnects the digital devices over a wide geographical area (Zhang et al., 2012). MAN or Metropolitan Area Network however, spreads over a larger geographical area. LAN will not be suitable to implement in the POS system, as it will restrict the information flow within a small area. IT is therefore recommended to implement the POS system in WAN network (Barakah Ammad-uddin, 2012). Wireless technology will be suitable for consideration, as it will considerable reduce the hassle of wires and reduces the implementation cost as well. However, it is essential to establish a secure wireless channel in order to eliminate the risks associated with wireless networks. Associated Risks Since the POS system will be implemented in a wireless network, there are a number of risks associated with the storage and access of the data from the system. One of the major risks is the security risks. The attackers can target the confidential data stored within the system leading to data loss (Zissis Lekkas, 2012). Another major security risk associated with the implementation of POS is the privacy risk. The private data of an organization might be at risk due to a cyber attack into the system. Therefore, it is essential to use proper security system within the organization. Apart from this, there is a huge confidentiality risk associated with the POS system, as majority of the employees within the organization can access data (Al Ameen, Liu Kwak, 2012). Therefore, it is essential to enforce authorization levels to prevent unauthorised use and access of data. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that implementation of POS in Four Seasons has provided the nursery with many advantages, major one being the increase in sales and profits. The point of sales system has helped in eliminating the need of manual tracking and recording of data, thereby increasing the accuracy and correctness of the stored data into the system. The report points out certain disadvantage of the new POS system and discuses the competitive advantages it offers to an organization. The report further identifies the security risks associated with the system and recommends the network in which the system is to be implemented. The system allows the organization in leveraging business data and helps in gaining a competitive advantage in the market. The business reports can be processed with ease with the help of the new POS system. Recommendations It is recommended for an organization to thoroughly research the needs of POS in its business before its implementation. Proper security checks and installation of security essentials are needed to secure the data stored in the centralized database. Authorization levels are needed to be imposed in order to restrict the access to the confidential data stored in the system. References Al Ameen, M., Liu, J. Kwak, K., (2012). Security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks for healthcare applications.Journal of medical systems,36(1), pp.93-101. Barakah, D.M. Ammad-uddin, M., (2012, February). A survey of challenges applications of wireless body area network (WBAN) and role of a virtual doctor server in existing architecture. InIntelligent Systems, Modelling Simulation (ISMS), 2012 Third International Conference on(pp. 214-219). IEEE. Coronel, C. Morris, S., (2016).Database systems: design, implementation, and management. Cengage Learning. Diallo, O., Rodrigues, J.J. Sene, M., (2012). Real-time data management on wireless sensor networks: A survey.Journal of Network Computer Applications,35(3), pp.1013-1021. Galliers, R.D. Leidner, D.E. eds., (2014).Strategic information management: challenges strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Hall, J.A., (2012).Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Laudon, K.C. Laudon, J.P., (2016).Management information system. Pearson Education India. Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. Galletta, D.F., (2016).Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Peppard, J. Ward, J., (2016).The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Romney, M.B. Steinbart, P.J., (2012).Accounting information systems. Boston: Pearson. Stadtler, H., (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. In Supply chain management advanced planning (pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Stair, R. Reynolds, G., (2013).Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning. Zhang, Y., Ansari, N., Wu, M. Yu, H., (2012). On wide area network optimization.IEEE Communications surveys tutorials,14(4), pp.1090-1113. Zissis, D. Lekkas, D., (2012). Addressing cloud computing security issues.Future Generation computer systems,28(3), pp.583-592.

Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid Outline Essay Sample free essay sample

Purification – physical separation of drosss and byproducts from an impure sample pure substance. *Distillation- for liquid compounds.*Recrystallization- solid compounds Recrystallization– precipitation of a solid cpd. from a concentrated solution in the signifier of crystals through chilling or vaporization -7 stairss:1 ) choosing the appropriate dissolver2 ) fade outing the solute3 ) bleaching the solution4 ) removing suspended solids5 ) crystallising the solute6 ) collection and rinsing the crystals7 ) drying the merchandise– 2 Kinds of Impurities: 1 ) more soluble2 ) less soluble than the chief constituent– impure solid foremost dissolved in an appropriate dissolver when heated – appropriate/ideal solvent = dissolves constituent to be purified when hot ( boiling point ) . = does NOT fade out constituent to be purified when cold= room temp. or 0oC = either dissolves drosss when cold OR does NOT fade out drosss when hot – constituents will so crystallise in its purer signifier as the solution is cooled. Less soluble constituent will crystallise first As the crystals are formed. the right molecules that will suit in the crystal lattice are selected while the incorrect molecules are ignored. We will write a custom essay sample on Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid Outline Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ensuing in a pure solid – Depends on: 1 ) solubility of the compound 2 ) differences in solubility of the desired solutes A ; drosss dissolved in the dissolver – Common Solvents Used:Solvent| Formula| Polarity| Boiling Pt. ( oC ) |Water| H2O| Very Polar| 100|Ethanol| CH3CH2OH| Polar| 78|Methanol| CH3OH| Polar| 65|dichloromethane| CH2Cl2| Slightly Polar| 40|Diethyl ether| ( CH3CH2 ) 2O| Slightly Polar| 35| IV. Experimental0. 100 g of powdery impure benzoic acid. 1 little piece of boiling bit. and 2 milliliter of distilled H2O were added severally into a vial. While twirling the mixture invariably. it was so heated to boiling until the benzoic acid had dissolved wholly in the H2O. The solution was so cooled by adding a few beads of distilled H2O. A pinch of activated C was added after. Then. the mixture was heated to boiling for a 2nd clip for a few proceedingss until the volume of the mixture had decreased by about 1 milliliters. The hot mixture was so instantly poured into a 5mL disposable syringe ( without the acerate leaf ) with a cotton stopper indoors at the underside of the syringe tubing to move as a filter. The Piston of the syringe was so pressed to coerce the liquid through the filter. roll uping the filtrate into another phial. The hot concentrated solution or filtrate was so cooled to room temperature before sealing the vial and slow-cooling it in an ice bath. The crystals yielded were collected in a pre-weighed filter paper on a 50 milliliter beaker ( as an jury-rigged filter paper support ) . Small increases of ice-cold H2O were added to rinse the phial to acquire the staying crystals. The filter paper incorporating the gathered crystals was so carefully taken out from the filter system. so was folded with the crystals inside. and so pressed in between folded tissue paper to squash out extra H2O. After leting the filter paper and crystals to dry up wholly. the filter paper with the crystals was weighed. The weight of the filter paper entirely was subtracted from the obtained weight to acquire the weight of the yielded crystals. Percent recovery was computed for by spliting the weight of the yielded crystals by the weight of the impure benzoic acid. V. ResultsFrom the 0. 100 g of the impure sample of benzoic acid. 0. 030 g of pure benzoic crystals was yielded. holding a percent recovery of 30 % . VI. DiscussionThe chemical equation for the reaction of benzoic acid with H2O is as follows: C6H5COOH ( aq ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) C6H5COO- ( aq ) + H3O+ ( aq ) .It is a reversible reaction allows the dissolved benzoic acid to recrystallize or travel back to its solid signifier as a purer compound. Water= appropriate or ideal dissolver for benzoic acid due to immense solubility difference in H2O. * indissoluble @ low temp 2. 1g of benzoic acid dissolves in 1L of H2O at 10oC * soluble @ high temp 68g of benzoic acid dissolves in 1L of H2O at 95oC The mixture invariably swirled as the mixture was being heated * additions rate of disintegration and information of the system * increasing the interaction between H2O and benzoic acid molecules. *The complete disintegration of benzoic acid led to a clear solution. Boiling chip- induces boiling – added to the mixture while @ ROOM temp– NOT boiling temp– to forestall spilling or boiling over Activated charcoal- used for decolorization– made up of finely separated C atoms w/ great surface country – adsorb the drosss from sol’n ( aka it causes drosss to attach amp ; be trapped onto the wood coal atom’s surface ) . – C atoms excessively BIG to go through thru filter paper minimizes drosss! *NOTE: Excessively much activated C loss of the pure substance. Filter syringe- used to increase pureness to filtrate out activated wood coal A ; other drosss on the cotton stopper Sol’n was filtered quickly to hold every bit small residue of benzoic acid crystals as possible yielded from crystallisation already taking topographic point as the temp. A ; solubility of the benzoic acid was diminishing. Slow chilling in an ice bath- to assist crystals set up in a finer undistorted molecular geometry. excepting drosss from the crys tal formation. In instance crystallisation doesn’t take topographic point while chilling usage SEED CRYSTAL * Its similar construction to the pure crystals will function as â€Å"source code† merely molecules that will suit absolutely in the lattice will crystallise. go forthing out drosss with a different construction. Complete drying of the filter paper and crystals minimize inaccuracy in consequences because the added mass of H2O while weighing affects or increases the % recovery. Formula for per centum recovery was used: % recovery= weight recovered benzoic acid x 100 weight impure benzoic acid VII. Answers to Questions1. List the belongingss of an ideal dissolver to execute the purification of an organic compound by the crystallisation technique. * fade out the solute @ high temperatures or boiling platinum* does NOT fade out solute @ depression or room temp.* either dissolves drosss ( @ room temp ) or NOT fade out them at all ( @ high temp ) so that drosss WON’T crystallize with solute A ; can be therefore removed by filtration. * Inert= should NOT respond with solute or there will be a lesser output of pure crystals due to molecular interaction * volatile so it can be easy removed from the solute crystals. 2. In sublimating by crystallisation from a dissolver. is it advisable to chill the solution easy or quickly? Explain. COOL SLOWLY so that crystals will organize in its most right A ; undistorted molecular geometry. go forthing drosss out from the crystal formation. *Rapid chilling will ensue a greater output in the terminal ( because drosss will hold been included ) . therefore taking to inaccurate consequences. 3. What advantages does H2O hold as a crystallisation dissolver? * non-flammable* safe and non-toxic* used for a broad scope of temperatures* high heat capacity and can fade out different substances * polar. therefore. it can fade out substances. particularly polar 1s. easy. 4. Solubility of benzoic acid in H2O: 0. 21g/ 100mL H2O at 10oC ; 0. 27g/100mL at 18oC ; 2. 75g/ 100mL at 80oC ; 6. 80g/ 100mL at 95oC. Two pupils crystallized 10 g samples of benzoic acid from H2O. the first dissolution benzoic acid at 80oC and filtrating at 10oC. the 2nd fade outing the acid at 95oC and filtrating at 18oC. Calculate the measure of H2O each pupil was required to utilize and the maximal recovery of benzoic acid possible in each instance. STUDENT A @ 80oC 10 g =2. 75 g sten milliliter 100mLx= 363. 636 milliliter H2O@ 10oC y gms = 0. 21 g vitamin D363. 636 milliliter 100mLy= 0. 7636g benzoic acid9. 24g benzoic acid9. 24g benzoic acid 10 g- 0. 7636g= Student B@ 95oC 10 g = 6. 80 g vitamin Dten milliliter 100mLx= 147. 058 milliliter H2O@ 18oC y gms = 0. 27 g vitamin D147. 058mL 100mL9. 60g benzoic acid acid9. 60g benzoic acid acidy= 0. 397 g benzoic acid 10 g- 0. 397g= 5. A Solid ( X ) is soluble in H2O to the extent of 1g per 100g of H2O at room temperature and 10g per 100g of H2O at the boiling point. a. How would you sublimate X from a mixture of 10g of Ten with 0. 1g of dross Y. which is wholly indissoluble in H2O. and 1g of dross Z. holding the same solubility features in H2O as X? Separating Yttrium 1. Dissolve the mixture in 100g H2O and furuncle to 100?C. Everything should fade out except for Y. 2. Cool mixture to room temperature3. Filter. This will divide dross Y from X and dross Z. Separating Z1. Add H2O up to 100mL to the filtrate.2. Heat to boiling ( 100oC )3. Slowly cool to room temp4. Filter the mixture. The filter paper residue= pure X crystals. *Formation of Z is undistinguished because it is merely 1g and has a different crystal construction than X. excepting Z from X’s crystallisation. 90 % or 9g of Ten will be obtained90 % or 9g of Ten will be obtainedB. How much pure Ten could be obtained after one recrystallization from H2O? 10g of X – 1g X dissolved ten 100 % =10 g of X *Solubilities of different solutes are independent of each other. therefore. 1 g of solutes X and Z would fade out at room temperature. c. How much pure Ten could be obtained after one recrystallization from a mixture of 10g of Ten with 9g of Z? * A = 1000g H2O to fade out 10g X @ room temp.A = 1000g H2O to fade out 10g X @ room temp.Ten and Z must be dissolved foremost. Solubilities of X and Z are independent of each other. Solid X. being the larger sum. is used as footing. 10g of X = 1g of TenA g H2O 100g H2O* B= 900g H2O to fade out 9g Z @ room temp.B= 900g H2O to fade out 9g Z @ room temp.Water must so be boiled until 900g of H2O is left to guarantee dross Z won’t dissolve and crystallise with X under room temperature. 9g of Z = 1g of OmegaB g H2O 100g H2O* C= 9g of X dissolved in900g H2O @ room temp. C= 9g of X dissolved in900g H2O @ room temp. Slowly cool the solution to organize X crystals.C g of X = 1g of Ten900g H2O 100g H2O 1 g of X crystallized1 g of X crystallized 10g X- 9g Ten dissolved= d. Based on the consequence obtained. what is suggested about the usage of crystallisation as a purification technique? Using crystallisation to divide and sublimate solid substances is non so efficient because of its heavy dependance on the substance’s solubility. doing it hard to divide substances of the same solubility and of important sums. VIII. Decision Recrystallization. although a common purification technique for its simpleness and utility. is non such an efficient method because it CAN’T: * sublimate non-solids* separate compounds whose constituents ( the chief constituent and dross ) have the same solubility due to recrystallization’s heavy dependance on solubility. particularly when both constituents exist in important sums * wholly sublimate the end-product IX. Mentions â€Å"Crystallization. † University of Colorado. University of Colorado. n. d. Web. 4 Feb. 2013 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //orgchem. Colorado. edu/CCCE/frame/images/handbook. pdf gt ; . â€Å"Recrystallization. † Hartnell College. Hartnell College. n. d. Web. 17 Dec.2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hartnell. edu/faculty/shovde/chem12a/lablecturehandouts/recrystallizationlecture. htm gt ; . â€Å"Recrystallization: a purification technique for solids. † German Jordanian University. German Jordanian University. n. d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. lt ; World Wide Web. gju. edu. jo/admin/s32files/3-RECR. physician gt ; .

Hrothgars offer essays

Hrothgars offer essays After Beowulf had saved my people from the treacherous monster, Grendel, I really felt that I owed him a lot more than I had offered him. Although I gave him a crown and many other gifts to reconcile for the things he did for Herot, I felt like I owed him the world. I realized one night that I really wanted to offer Beowulf a position in my court. After long thought I realized that no one would be a better vice-king, than Beowulf. So, when I woke up the next morning, I called Beowulf into the Hall where I sat to eat breakfast. I told him of my need to give him more than he had received in consolation and I offered to him the newly founded position of vice-king. Beowulf was honored by my proposal and thanked me profusely for the offer, however he would not accept my invitation. His words were My heart is in fighting off monsters and saving people such as I did yours. If I take on the responsibility of vice-king, I am afraid I wont be able to fight off the monsters of the world, and t hat is what I am good at, and what I love to do. Although I was a little sadden by the refusal, I knew all along that Beowulf doesnt belong behind the throne, but in the battles. Even though Beowulf did not except my offer, we are still very close friends and he promises to visit Herot often. ...

Administrative Agencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Administrative Agencies - Essay Example that govern production and operation of aircrafts, operating flight service stations, issuing commercial and private aviation licenses and carrying out research and development on existing aviation system (Federal Aviation Administration 1). Apparently, the roles played by FAA are necessary for ensuring efficiency and safety in U.S aviation industry. In addition, research and development carried out by FAA ensures that the aviation industry is adaptive to various technological and environmental changes. Similarly, NTSB U.S governmental agency that performs investigations on civil aviation accidents and other transportation modes. NTSB has a team of experts, referred to as Go Team, who carryout investigations on aviation accidents to establish the probable causes (National Transportation Safety Board 1). Although the NTSB has no enforcement powers, the body helps in identifying the ‘weak points’ in the aviation industry. In so doing, better solutions can be developed hence improving safety in the U.S transport sector. The DOT agency plays administrative roles in the management of Federal aviation, railroad, highway, transit and maritime. Not only does the DOT play administrative roles but also participates in research and development of modern technologies that improve efficiency and safety of the U.S transport systems. Primary roles of DOT in the aviation industry include congestion mitigation, enforce the implementation of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and initiation of intermodal projects that promote efficiency (Department of Transportation 1). Therefore, the DOT is an important U.S agency because it ensures smooth running and efficiency of the aviation industry. In conclusion, the FAA, NTSB and DOT are government administrative agencies that regulate the U.S aviation industry. It is evident that the three agencies are keen in implementing new developments in order to optimize efficiency in the U.S aviation industry. In addition, the principal

Unit 3 Proposal designs Assignmnet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 3 Proposal designs Assignmnet - Essay Example The organization has offices in 19 countries across the world, and this includes Africa, Asia and the Americas. For purposes of achieving efficiency in fighting hunger, this organization developed a multi-purpose food product. This food product is rich in proteins, and is always used a relief food substance. The organization also developed the applied nutrition programs, aimed at improving the health condition of mothers and their children (Karsh and Fox, 2009). The motivating factor that made the organization to tackle problems of hunger and poverty is based on the notion that hunger and poverty limit an individual desire to achieve his or her goals (Freedom From Hunger, 2014). To achieve this objective of fighting hunger and poverty, the organization has introduced five main programs which it believes are useful in fulfilling its mission and objectives. These programs are, saving for change, the malaria initiative, reach initiative, credit with education, and health protection and micro-finance initiative (Freedom From Hunger, 2014). Under Malaria initiative, the organization provides anti-malaria drugs to poor women and their children. It also treats them for free and educates them on how to prevent the emergence of the disease. Under Credit with education, the institution offers small loans to women for purposes of starting small businesses that can make them self-sufficient (Gregory, 2013). Saving for change on the other hand is an initiative aimed at providing financial services to areas where micro-finance institutions cannot reach. The reach initiative on the other hand promotes the development of innovative ideas that can help to fight poverty, while the health and micro-finance protective initiative helps to create health policies that can help improve the health status of the vulnerable (Zunz, 2012). In conclusion, my interest in this foundation stems from the fact that it is concerned with improving the

A Learning Experience Essay Example for Free

A Learning Experience Essay In this content, there will be a discussion on how someone can learns how to not use drugs and what it was like for them before and after their initial use. There will be an identification of what someone would learn from using to not using. Also included in the discussion there will be a description of how someone’s learning could have occurred through classical conditioning, identifying the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. An explanation will be given in regards to how their learning could have occurred through operant conditioning, describing the behavior, consequence, and reinforcement. There will be an address of how the learning could have occurred through cognitive-social learning. Identifying the Learning Experience Let us say that someone has been doing drugs on a social basis, living a wild and carefree lifestyle. Until one day, a different way of using the drug becomes introduced. In that instance the drug is introduced, it becomes an automatic addiction. It becomes an overwhelming desire to have more to obtain that rush repeatedly. It is the loss of all control and the beginning of losing the power of life. The person frits at the thought of the drug and loses control when they cannot get a hold of it when they want it and how they want it. It becomes a part of their lifestyle and it becomes more difficult for them to lose the desire after a long period of using. It takes a power greater then themselves to quit and the help of people like them who have been clean. With the help and support of these people, the desire to use becomes less and less and the â€Å"disease of addiction,† becomes arrested. What is Learned through the Experience The long term learning experience is learning to live without the use of drugs. Living with the use of drugs causes many to live a life of unmanageability. It leads to a time in an addict’s life when they seek a place where they can receive help, therefore leading to a clean life. They no longer want to live with the obsession of using and no longer with a life of insanity. Classical Conditioning, Unconditioned Stimulus and Response, Conditioned Stimulus and Response Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus capable of eliciting a given response after being repeatedly presented with an unconditioned (significant) stimulus (Oxford Reference, 2007). For example, an addict may use a pipe, cigarillos, roll up papers, or syringes (conditional stimulus) whenever an addict set out to use their preferred drug of choice. Eventually, the addict becomes craved at the presence of these items (conditional response), even when the drug was absent (unconditional stimulus). Therefore, the absence of the drug leads to the overwhelming desire to use (unconditional response). If the drugs and all the items are present and then something runs out, the conditional and unconditional stimuli occurs together and are presented at the same place, making the addict powerless. Operant Conditioning, Behavior, Consequence, Reinforcement  Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) is a form of learning where an individual forms an association between a particular behavioral response and a particular reinforcement (Oxford Reference, 2007). In the case of an addict, when an addict takes the first drug it may be pleasant, but then a thousand is never enough. Therefore, the cliche becomes an addict’s worst nightmare. They use to live and live to use, resulting in the disease of addiction. Once an addict realizes the more they use the more unpleasant it gets, they do not want to face the consequences of jails, institutions, or death. Therefore, they seek the help of recovering addicts, admit their powerlessness over the drug, and make a choice to come clean. As an addict attempts to come clean, they need the reinforcement of Narcotics Anonymous meetings on a daily basis. It is recommended that a newcomer attend 90 meetings in 90 days, associate themselves with other recovering addicts of the same sex, and to seek out a sponsor to work the Twelve Steps. With all these options that Narcotics Anonymous provides helps a recovering addict get well on their way to living a clean productive life. The recovering addict needs to be constantly reminded to take it a day at a time, remember that they didn’t become an addict over night, to keep going back (to meetings), and easy does it. If an addict keeps coming back, they are less likely to go out an relapse; but if they keep beating themselves up, do not change the people, places, and things around them, and continue to keep their old behaviors, they are just punishing themselves making it less likely for them to return to meetings and instead go out and use. Cognitive-Social Learning Cognitive-social learning incorporates the general concepts of conditioning, but rather than relying on a simple stimulus and response model, this theory emphasizes the interpretation or thinking that occurs within the organism, stimulus-organism-response (Carpenter-Huffman, 2010). In the case of an addict, addicts have attitudes, beliefs, expectations, motivations, and emotions that affect learning (Carpenter-Huffman, 2010). In the case of a recovering addict, these old beliefs, attitudes, false motivation and expectations, and lost emotions, being in the rooms of a Narcotics Anonymous meeting helps them to socialize with other recovering addicts and soon the newcomer is able to learn new behaviors through the observations, suggestions, and reading of literature given. In a roundabout way, the newcomer begins by imitating and sharing in meetings, gains a comfort, develops a sense of security, and becomes honest with themselves, allowing them to become honest with other recovering addicts. They learn that not one person is different from another in a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, but they are all alike, one addict reaching out to help another addict recover. Conclusion With the continued socialization and fellowshipping of Narcotics Anonymous, a recovering addict can lose the constant desire to use, find a power greater than themselves, and live a new life taking it a day at a time because any day clean is a day of success. Classical conditioning is a learned behavior that happens with or without the drugs being present. Operant conditioning is knowing that there are consequences for this learned ehavior (drug use), that results in punishment (an addict trying to recover but still having the presence of their old people, places and things resulting in relapse), and lead to a desire to have positive reinforcement (an addict entering into recovery after a life of defeat). Cognitive-social learning is coming to the realization that through participation in the Narcotics Anonymous program, it becomes easier to recover seeing that other addicts too have chosen to recover (imitating and practicing the principles, traditions, and completing the twelve steps).

Vergangenheitsbewältigung in The Reader :: Reader

Vergangenheitsbewältigung in The Reader Germany's history is different from all other countries in the world. From 1933 to 1945 Adolf Hitler and the Nazis ruled the people. Everyone was forced to follow the Nazis rules and individuals were stripped of all of their freedom. The Nazis were also committing mass executions of certain classes of people. Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, handicapped, and other groups of people were treated unfairly and stripped of all their rights. This cruel treatment attracted the attention of countries from all around the world. The events taking place in Germany and neighboring countries led to the outbreak of World War II. Many Germans are not proud of their country's history. It is hard for individuals to do, but everyone must cope with it. Coping with the past, or Vergangenheitsbewältigung, has influenced the way people in Germany have lived their lives. In The Reader there are many examples of individuals having to cope with the past. Hanna Schmitz was a member of the SS during the Holocaust. She served in concentration camps in Auschwitz and a camp near Cracow. Although Hanna never killed anyone herself, she was involved in taking people to be executed. She must go to court for her actions while being in the SS. When Hanna was a guard she would pick certain girls to read to her. "Yes she had favorites, always one of the young ones who was weak and delicate," says a survivor of the Holocaust during Hanna's trial (Schlink 116). Hanna knew the younger, weaker girls would not tell anyone what they were doing for her. Hanna was illiterate so she enjoyed being read to by the girls. Hanna's entire life is being influenced by all the actions that happened in her past. Hanna is involved in a love affair with a boy less than half her age named Michael Berg. Their relationship is kept secret from people and is rather strange, mostly because of Hanna's past. Their relationship is based around the same principles as Hanna's special prisoners in the concentration camps. After many meetings together Hanna and Michael do not know each other's names. When Michael asks Hanna about her name she suspiciously replies, "Why do you want to know?

A Dirty Job Chapter 26

26 ORPHEUS IN THE STORM SEWER Charlie parked the van sideways in the street and ran up the steps of the Buddhist center calling her name. The huge front door was hanging askew by one hinge, the glass broken, and every drawer and cabinet had been opened and the contents scattered, every piece of furniture overturned or broken. â€Å"Audrey!† He heard a voice to the front of the house and ran back out on the porch. â€Å"Audrey?† â€Å"Down here,† she called. â€Å"We're still under the porch.† Charlie ran down the steps and around to the side of the porch. He could see movement behind the lattice. He found a small gate and opened it. Inside, Audrey was crouched with a half-dozen other people and a whole crowd of the squirrel people. He scrambled into the crawl space and took her in his arms. Charlie had tried to keep her on the line during the drive over, but a few blocks away the battery in his phone had died, and he had tried, for those few terrifying moments, to imagine losing her – his future, his hope – after his hope had just been awakened again. He was so relieved he could barely breathe. â€Å"Are they gone?† Audrey asked. â€Å"Yes, I think so. I'm so glad you're all right.† Charlie led them out of the crawl space and back into the house, the squirrel people staying close to the walls and moving quickly so as not to be seen from the street. Charlie felt a tap on his shoulder and turned to see Irena Posokovanovich smiling at him. He jumped up a couple of steps and screamed. â€Å"Don't shock me again, I'm a good guy.† â€Å"I know that, Mr. Asher. I was wondering if you'd like me to park your van for you before it gets towed away.† â€Å"Oh yes, that would be nice.† He handed her the keys. â€Å"Thank you.† In the house, Audrey said, â€Å"She just wants to help.† â€Å"She's creepy,† Charlie said, but then he caught what he thought was a look of disapproval rising in Audrey's eyes and he quickly added, â€Å"In a completely sweet way, I mean.† They went directly to the kitchen and stood before the open pantry. â€Å"They got them all,† Audrey said. â€Å"That's why they didn't hurt us – they weren't interested in us.† Charlie was so angry he was having trouble thinking, but without an outlet, he just shook and tried to keep his voice under control. â€Å"They just did the same thing at my store. Something did.† â€Å"There must have been three hundred souls in here,† Audrey said. â€Å"They took Rachel's soul.† Audrey put her arm around his back, but he couldn't respond other than to walk out of the kitchen. â€Å"That's it, Audrey. I'm done.† â€Å"What do you mean, you're done, Charlie? You're scaring me.† â€Å"Ask your squirrel people where I can get into the storm sewer system. Can they tell you that?† â€Å"Probably. But you can't do that.† He wheeled on her and she jumped back. â€Å"I have to do that. Find out, Audrey. Everyone into my van. I want you at my building, where you'll be safe.† They were all gathered in Charlie's living room: Sophie, Audrey, Jane, Cassandra, Lily, Minty Fresh, the undead clients from the Buddhist center, the hellhounds, and fifty or so of the squirrel people. Lily, Jane, and Cassandra were standing on the couch to get away from the squirrel people, who were milling on and around the breakfast bar. â€Å"Nice outfits,† Lily said. â€Å"But ewww.† â€Å"Thank you,† Audrey said. Sophie was standing next to Audrey, looking her up and down as if trying to guess her weight. â€Å"I'm a Jewess,† Sophie said. â€Å"Are you a Jewess?† â€Å"No, I'm a Buddhist,† Audrey said. â€Å"Is that like a shiksa?† â€Å"Yes, I think it is,† said Audrey. â€Å"It's a type of shiksa.† â€Å"Oh, I guess that's okay, then. My puppies are shiksas, too. That's what Mrs. Ling calls them.† â€Å"They're very impressive puppies, too,† Audrey said. â€Å"They want to eat your little guys, but I won't let them, okay?† â€Å"Thank you. That would be nice.† â€Å"Unless you're mean to my daddy. Then they're toast.† â€Å"Of course,† Audrey said. â€Å"Special circumstances.† â€Å"He likes you a lot.† â€Å"I'm glad. I like him a lot.† â€Å"I think you're probably okay.† â€Å"Well, right back at you,† Audrey said. She smiled at the little brunette with the heartbreaking blue eyes and the attitude, and it was all she could do not to scoop her up and hug the bejeezus out of her. Charlie jumped up on the couch next to Jane, Cassandra, and Lily, and then realized as he looked across the room at Minty Fresh that he still didn't stand taller than the Death Merchant, which was a little unnerving. (Minty seemed focused on Lily, which was also a little unnerving.) â€Å"You guys, I'm going to go do something, and I might not come back. Jane, that letter I sent you has all the papers making you Sophie's legal guardian.† â€Å"I'm out of here,† Lily said. â€Å"No,† Charlie said, catching her by the arm. â€Å"I want you here, too. I'm leaving you the business, but with the understanding that a percentage of the profits go to Jane to help with Sophie and will also go into a college fund for her. I know you have your career as a chef, but I trust you and you're good at the business.† Lily looked like she wanted to say something sarcastic, but shrugged and said, â€Å"Sure. I can run your business and cook, too. You do your Death Merchant thing and raise a daughter.† â€Å"Thanks. Jane, you'll get the building, of course, but when Sophie grows up, if she wants to stay in the City, you always have to have an apartment for her.† Jane jumped off the couch. â€Å"Charlie, this is crap, I'm not letting you do anything – â€Å" â€Å"Please. Jane, I've got to go. This is all in writing, I just want you to hear what I wanted in person.† â€Å"Okay,† she said. Charlie hugged his sister, Cassandra, and Lily, then went to the bedroom and gestured for Minty Fresh to follow him. â€Å"Minty, I'm going into the Underworld after the Morrigan – after Rachel's soul, all the souls. It's time.† The big man nodded, gravely. â€Å"I'm right there with you.† â€Å"No, you're not. I need you to stay here and watch over Audrey and Sophie and the others. There are cops outside, but I think their disbelief might make them hesitate if the Morrigan come. You won't do that.† Minty shook his head. â€Å"What chance do you have down there alone? Let me come with you. We'll fight this thing together.† â€Å"I don't think so,† Charlie said. â€Å"I'm blessed or something. The prophecy says, ‘The Luminatus will rise and do battle with the Forces of Darkness in the City of Two Bridges.' It doesn't say, the Luminatus and his trusty sidekick, Minty Fresh.† â€Å"I am not a sidekick.† â€Å"That's what I'm saying,† said Charlie, who wasn't saying that at all. â€Å"I'm saying that I have some sort of protection, but you probably don't. And if I don't come back, you'll need to carry on as a Death Merchant in the City – maybe get the scales tipped back for our side.† Minty Fresh nodded, lowering his gaze to the floor. â€Å"You'll take my Desert Eagles, then, for luck?† He looked up and was grinning. â€Å"I'll take one of them,† Charlie said. Minty Fresh slipped out of his shoulder-holster rig and adjusted the straps until they fit Charlie, then helped him into the harness. â€Å"There are two extra clips in here, under your right arm,† Minty said. â€Å"I hope you don't have to fire it that many times down there or you will be one deaf motherfucker.† â€Å"Thanks,† Charlie said. Minty helped him get his tweed jacket on over the shoulder holster. â€Å"You know, you might be heavily armed, but you still look like an English professor – don't you have some clothes more appropriate for fighting?† â€Å"James Bond always wears a tux,† Charlie said. â€Å"Yeah, I understand the line between reality and fiction seems a little blurred here lately – â€Å" â€Å"I'm kidding,† Charlie said. â€Å"There are some motocross leathers and pads in the shop that will fit me if I can find them.† â€Å"Good.† Minty patted Charlie's shoulders, like he was trying to make them bigger. â€Å"You see that bitch with the poison claws, you light her up for me, okay?† â€Å"I'll buss a cap in da hoe's ass,† Charlie said. â€Å"Don't do that.† â€Å"Sorry.† The hardest part came a few minutes later. â€Å"Honey, Daddy has to go do something.† â€Å"Are you going to get Mommy?† Charlie was crouched in front of his daughter, and he nearly rolled over backward at the question. She hadn't mentioned her mommy a dozen times in the last two years. â€Å"Why would you say that, honey?† â€Å"I don't know. I was thinking about her.† â€Å"Well, you know that she loved you very much.† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"And you know that no matter what, I love you very much.† â€Å"Yeah, you said that yesterday.† â€Å"And I meant it yesterday. But this time, I really do have to go. I have to fight some bad guys, and I might not win.† Sophie's lower lip pushed out like a big wet shelf. Don't cry, don't cry, don't cry, don't cry, Charlie chanted in his head. I can't handle it if you cry. â€Å"Don't cry, honey. Everything will be okay.† â€Å"Nooooooooooo,† Sophie wailed. â€Å"I want to go with you. I want to go with you. Don't go, Daddy, I want to go with you.† Charlie held her and looked across the room to his sister, pleading. She came and took Sophie from his arms. â€Å"Noooooo. I want to go with you.† â€Å"You can't go with me, honey.† And Charlie ducked out of the apartment before his heart broke again. Audrey was waiting in the hall with fifty-three squirrel people. â€Å"I'm driving you to the entrance,† she said. â€Å"Don't argue.† â€Å"No,† Charlie said. â€Å"I'm not losing you after just finding you. You stay here.† â€Å"You creep! What gives you the right to be that way. I just found you, too.† â€Å"Yeah, but I'm not much of a find.† â€Å"You're an ass,† she said, and she walked into his arms and kissed him. After a long time, Charlie looked around. The squirrel people were all looking up at them. â€Å"What are they doing here?† â€Å"They're going with you.† â€Å"No. It's too risky.† â€Å"Then it's too risky for you, too. You don't even know what could be down there – this thing that broke into your store wasn't one of the Morrigan.† â€Å"I'm not going to be afraid, Audrey. There might be a hundred different demons, but The Book of the Dead is right, they are only keeping us from our path. I think these things exist for the same reason I was chosen to do this, because of fear. I was afraid to live, so I became Death. Their power is our fear of death. I'm not afraid. And I'm not taking the squirrel people.† â€Å"They know the way. And besides, they're fourteen inches tall, what do they have to live for?† â€Å"Hey,† said a Beefeater guard whose head was the skull of a bobcat. â€Å"Did he say something?† Charlie asked. â€Å"One of my experimental voice boxes.† â€Å"It's a little squeaky.† â€Å"Hey!† â€Å"Sorry, uh, Beef,† Charlie said. The creatures seemed resolute. â€Å"Onward, then!† Charlie ran down the hall so he wouldn't have to say good-bye again. Ten yards behind him marched a small army of nightmare creatures, put together from the parts of a hundred different animals. It just so happened that at the time they were reaching the staircase, Mrs. Ling came downstairs to see what all the commotion had been about, and the entire army stopped in the stairway and looked up at her. Mrs. Ling was, and had always been, a Buddhist, and so she was a firm believer in the concept of karma, and that those lessons you did not learn would continually be presented to you until you learned them, or your soul could never evolve to the next level. That afternoon, as the Forces of Light were about to engage the Forces of Darkness for dominion over the world, Mrs. Ling, staring into the blank eyes of the squirrel people, had her own epiphany, and she never again ate meat, of any kind. Her first act of atonement was an offering to those she felt she had wronged. â€Å"You want snack?† she said. But the squirrel people marched on. The Emperor saw the van pull up near the creek and a man in bright yellow motorcycle leathers climb out. The man reached back into the van and grabbed what looked like a shoulder holster with a sledgehammer in it, and slipped into the harness. If the context hadn't been so bizarre, the Emperor could have sworn it was his friend Charlie Asher, from the secondhand shop in North Beach, but Charlie? Here? With a gun? No. Lazarus, who was not so dependent on his eyes for recognition, barked a greeting. The man turned to them and waved. It was Charlie. He walked down to the creekbank across from them. â€Å"Your Majesty,† Charlie said. â€Å"You seem upset, Charlie. Is something wrong?† â€Å"No, no, I'm okay, I just had to take directions from a mute beaver in a fez to get here, it's unsettling.† â€Å"Well, I can see how it would be,† said the Emperor. â€Å"Nice ensemble, though, the leathers and the pistol. Not your usual sartorial splendor.† â€Å"Well, no. I'm on a bit of a mission. Going to go into that culvert, find my way into the Underworld, and do battle with the Forces of Darkness.† â€Å"Good for you. Good for you. Forces of Darkness seem to be on the rise in my city lately.† â€Å"You noticed, then?† The Emperor hung his head. â€Å"Yes, I'm afraid we've lost one of our troops to the fiends.† â€Å"Bummer?† â€Å"He went into a storm sewer days ago, and hasn't come out.† â€Å"I'm sorry, sir.† â€Å"Would you look for him, Charlie? Please. Bring him out.† â€Å"Your Majesty, I'm not sure that I'm coming back myself, but I promise, if I find him, I'll try to bring him out. Now if you'll excuse me, I'm going to open this van and I don't want you to be alarmed by what you see, but I want to get into the pipe while there's still some light from the grates. What you see coming out of the van – they're friends.† â€Å"Carry on,† said the Emperor. Charlie slid the door open and the squirrel people hopped, scampered, and scooted down the bank of the creek toward the culvert. Charlie reached into the van, took out his sword-cane and flashlight, and butt-bumped the door shut. Lazarus whimpered and looked at the Emperor as if someone who was able to talk should say something. â€Å"Good luck, then, valiant Charlie,† said the Emperor. â€Å"You go forth with all of us in your heart, and you in ours.† â€Å"You'll watch the van?† â€Å"Until the Golden Gate crumbles to dust, my friend,† said the Emperor. And so Charlie Asher, in the service of life and light and all sentient beings, and in hope of rescuing the soul of the love of his life, led an army of fourteen-inch-tall bundles of animal bits, armed with everything from knitting needles to a spork, into the storm sewers of San Francisco. They slogged on for hours – sometimes the pipes became narrow enough that Charlie had to crawl on his hands and knees, other times they opened into wide junctions like concrete rooms. He helped the squirrel people climb to higher pipes. He'd found a lightweight construction helmet fitted with an LED headlamp, which came in handy in narrow passages where he couldn't aim the flashlight. He was also bumping his head about ten times an hour, and although the helmet protected him from injury, he'd developed a throbbing headache. His leathers – not really leathers, but more heavy nylon with Lexan pads at the knees, shoulders, elbows, shins, and forearms – were protecting him from bumps and abrasions on the pipes, but they were soaked and rubbing him raw at the backs of his knees. At an open junction with a grate at the top he climbed the ladder and tried to get a look at the neighborhood to perhaps get a sense of where they were, but it had gotten dark out since they s tarted and the grate was under a parked car. What irony, that he would finally summon his courage and charge into the breach, only to end up lost and stuck in the breach. A human misfire. â€Å"Where the hell are we?† he said. â€Å"No idea,† said the bobcat guy, the one who could talk. The little Beefeater was disturbing to watch when he spoke, since he really didn't have a face, only a skull, and he spoke without ever making the P sound. Also, instead of a halberd, which Charlie thought should have come with the costume for authenticity, the bobcat had armed himself with a spork. â€Å"Can you ask the others if they know where we are?† â€Å"Okay.† He turned to the damp gallery of squirrel people. â€Å"Hey, anybody know where we are?† They all shook their heads, looking from one to another, shrugging. Nope. â€Å"No,† said the bobcat. â€Å"Well, I could have done that,† Charlie said. â€Å"Why don't you? It's your _arty,† he said. Charlie realized he meant â€Å"party.† â€Å"Why no Ps?† Charlie asked. â€Å"No li_s.† â€Å"Right, lips. Sorry. What are you going to do with that spork?† â€Å"Well, when we find some bad guys, I'm going to s_ork the fuck out of them.† â€Å"Excellent. You're my lieutenant.† â€Å"Because of the s_ork?† â€Å"No, because you can talk. What's your name?† â€Å"Bob.† â€Å"No really.† â€Å"Really. It's Bob.† â€Å"So I suppose your last name is Cat.† â€Å"Wilson.† â€Å"Just checking. Sorry.† â€Å"‘S okay.† â€Å"Do you remember who you were in your last life?† â€Å"I remember a little. I think I was an accountant.† â€Å"So, no military experience?† â€Å"You need some bodies counted, I'm your man, er, thing.† â€Å"Swell. Does anyone here remember if they used to be a soldier, or a ninja or anything? Extra credit for ninjas or a Viking or something. Weren't any of you like Attila the Hun or Captain Horatio Hornblower in a former life or something?† A ferret in a sequined minidress and go-go boots came forward, paw raised. â€Å"You were a naval commander?† The ferret appeared to whisper into Bob's hat (since Bob no longer had ears). â€Å"She says no, she misunderstood, she thought you meant horn blower.† â€Å"She was a prostitute?† â€Å"Cornet _layer,† said Bob. â€Å"Sorry,† Charlie said. â€Å"It's the boots.† The ferret waved him off in a â€Å"no worries† way, then leaned over and whispered to Bob again. â€Å"What?† Charlie said. â€Å"Nothing,† Bob said. â€Å"Not nothing. I didn't think they could talk.† â€Å"Well, not to you,† said Bob. â€Å"What did she say?† â€Å"She said we're fucked.† â€Å"Well, that's not a very good attitude,† Charlie said, but he was starting to believe the go-go ferret was right, and he leaned back into a semisitting position in the pipe to rest. Bob climbed up to a smaller pipe and sat on the edge, his feet dangling over; water dripped from his little patent-leather shoes, but the floral pattern brass buckles still shone in the light of Charlie's headlamp. â€Å"Nice shoes,† Charlie said. â€Å"Yeah, well, Audrey digs me,† said Bob. Before Charlie could answer, the dog had grabbed Bob from behind and was shaking him like a rag doll. His mighty spork clattered off the pipe and was lost in the water below.

Latin Lyrics for Christmas Carols

Singing Christmas carols in Latin is a fun way to celebrate the history of Christmas. Carols have their roots in the 13th century CE, based on secular songs that were popular then. Franciscan friars took the form and music of the pop songs and recast them with religious texts in Latin, for use in strictly religious contexts. Their function was as a type of religious propaganda, and many were sung specifically in holy processions.   By the middle of the 14th century, the texts had been translated into vernacular languages—Middle French and English–and they became secularized again by the 15th century, becoming carols, sung by people outside of religious ceremonies.   Over the subsequent centuries, the text was updated as the languages developed—for examples, as Middle English developed into Modern English—so when you sing a carol in Latin, you can show off your sense of history.  Here are a handful of the most well-known English carols in their Latin forms. Veni, Emmanuel (O Come, , O Come, Emmanuel)Veni, veni Emmanuel!Captivum solve Israel!Qui gemit in exilio,Privatus Dei Filio,Gaude, gaude, EmmanuelNascetur pro te, Israel.Veni, veni o oriens!Solare nos adveniens,Noctis depelle nebulas,Dirasque noctis tenebras.Gaude, gaude EmmanuelNascetur pro te, Israel.Veni, veni Adonai!Qui populo in SinaiLegem dedisti vertice,In Maiestate gloriae.Gaude, gaude EmmanuelNascetur pro te Israel. Regis olim urbe David (Once in Royal Davids City)Regis olim urbe David,Sub bovili misero,Mater posuit infantemIn praesaepi pro lecto:Mitis Maria mater;Iesus Christus is puer.De caelo ad nos descenditDeus, Dominus orbis;Ei tectum est bovileEt praesaepe pro cunis.Pauperum virum amatorSancte vixisti Salvator.Et puertiam per miramObservanter parebatVirgini eidem matri,Quae cum pepererat:Tentent et discipuliEsse similes ei.Nam exemplum ille nobis:Nostri crescebat instar;Parvus quondam, imbecillus,Flens et ridens nobis par,Perticeps tristitiaeIdem et laetitiae. Tandem illum nos cernemusEx amore aeterno:Puer enim ille parvusSummo regnat iam caelo,Atque eo nos ducitQuo et ipse praeiit.Nec in stabulo misello,Bubus prope stantibus,Tunc videbitur, sed celsus,Sedens Deo proximus:Comites tum coronatiCircumstabunt candidati. Adeste Fideles (O Come, All Ye Faithful)English Lyrics and history: Adeste Fideles Laeti triumphantesVenite, venite in BethlehemNatum videteRegem angelorumVenite adoremus, Venite adoremus,Venite adoremus, DominumCantet nunc ioChorus angelorumCantet nunc aula caelestiumGloria, gloriaIn excelsis DeoVenite adoremus, Venite adoremus,Venite adoremus, DominumErgo qui natusDie hodiernaJesu, tibi sit gloriaPatris aeterniVerbum caro factusVenite adoremus, Venite adoremus,Venite adoremus, Dominum Dormi, Jesu! The Virgins Cradle-Hymn Words by S. T. Coleridge, Sibylline Leaves, 1817 Dormi, Jesu! Mater ridetQuae tam dulcem somnum videt,Dormi, Jesu! blandule!Si non dormis, Mater plorat,Inter fila cantans orat,Blande, veni, somnule. Sleep, sweet babe! my cares beguiling:Mother sits beside thee smiling;Sleep, my darling, tenderly!If thou sleep not, mother mourneth,Singing as her wheel she turneth:Come, soft slumber, balmily! Source: The Hymns and Carols of Christmas Gloria in Excelsis Deo The refrain of the French Carol translated into English as Angels We Have Heard on High is in Latin - Gloria in Excelsis Deo. Heres one version of the English version of the carol from the same online source as the last. The translation from French to English is by Bishop James Chadwick (1813–1882): 1. Angels we have heard on highSweetly singing oer the plains,And the mountains in replyEchoing their joyous strains.RefrainGloria, in excelsis Deo!Gloria, in excelsis Deo! 2. Shepherds, why this jubilee? Why your joyous strains prolong?What the gladsome tidings beWhich inspire your heavenly song? Refrain 3. Come to Bethlehem and seeHim whose birth the angels sing;Come, adore on bended knee,Christ the Lord, the newborn King. Refrain 4. See Him in a manger laid,Whom the choirs of angels praise;Mary, Joseph, lend your aid,While our hearts in love we raise. Refrain Sources Anderson, Douglas. The Hymns and Carols of Christmas, 2002.Gibbs, Laura. Gaudete, Gaudete! Latin Christmas and Holiday Songs! LatinTeach, 2010. Rickert, Edith. Ancient-English Christmas Carols. Wildside Press, 1910.Reichl, Karl. The Middle English Carol. A Companion to the Middle English Lyric. Ed. Duncan, Thomas Gibson. Cambridge: Boydell Brewer, 2005. 150–70. Robbins, R. H. The Earliest Carols and the Franciscans. Modern Language Notes 53.4 (1938): 239–45. Robbins, Rossell Hope. Middle English Carols as Processional Hymns. Studies in Philology 56.4 (1959): 559–82.